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My son’s course says ‘don’t judge other cultures’. Is that a rule for studying or a rule for living?
This week my son sent me something on cultural relativism from his anthropology course, and we argued on the phone for an hour. His course says that to understand a people you must not judge their customs by your own standards, and…
Started by Akosua Mensah5 replies -
Reading group: Brillat-Savarin’s Physiology of Taste, aphorisms and first meditations
I grew up an hour from Belley, where Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin was born, so this book has followed me around. Physiologie du goût appeared in 1825, a couple of months before he died. He was a lawyer and magistrate, briefly an exile…
Started by Claire Dubois5 replies -
Automated cranes at the port, and Ellul’s idea that efficiency decides for us
Terminals around the world, including mine in Marseille, are moving to cranes operated remotely from an office, and some yards are fully automated. Management's word for it is "inevitable". The union's word is "choice". I want to think about which word is…
Started by Hugo Marchetti5 replies -
My clients can’t tell walnut from stained beech, but they still mean walnut
Half the customers who order furniture from me ask for walnut. Most of them could not pick walnut out of a pile of stained beech if their life depended on it, and some unscrupulous workshops count on that. A friend lent me…
Started by Hicham Ouazzani5 replies -
When sovereignty belongs to God, are rulers more limited or less?
Hebrew and Arabic, the two languages I work between, carry traditions that both, at various points, said that sovereignty ultimately belongs to God. I've noticed that the same premise has been used to reach opposite conclusions. In 1 Samuel 8 the people…
Started by Tal Rosen5 replies -
Newton da Costa and why paraconsistency has a Brazilian accent
Newton da Costa died in 2024, and I've wanted to write something about him for the forum since. For anyone outside Brazil: he built the first systematic paraconsistent logics, logics in which a theory can contain a contradiction without every statement becoming…
Started by Ana Clara Ferreira5 replies -
Contextual integrity explains why my aunt’s clinic group chat felt wrong
My aunt is a nurse at a small clinic outside Kuala Lumpur. Last month she showed me the staff group chat, where a colleague had posted a photo of a patient's rash to ask the doctor whether it looked like shingles. No…
Started by Nur Aisyah Rahman5 replies -
What was Hasdai Crescas’s case that an actual infinite is possible?
I translate between Hebrew and Arabic, mostly contracts. A client recently asked me to look at some passages from Crescas's Or Hashem (Light of the Lord) and I have been reading around them ever since, including Harry Wolfson's old study of Crescas's…
Started by Tal Rosen5 replies -
A company can be sued but cannot be tripped over. In what sense does it exist?
Last month I sat through four hearings in my family's case against a company. It had a registered office, a seal, a board, and a lawyer almost as tiresome as ours. What it did not have was a body. You cannot trip…
Started by Hamza Qureshi5 replies -
My son asked whether race is real. How can ‘race isn’t biological’ and ‘racism is real’ both be true?
My children ask the questions that keep me reading. Last week my nine-year-old came home from school in Penang, where his classmates are Malay, Chinese, Indian and mixed, and asked me if race is real. His teacher had said scientists have shown…
Started by Thamarai Raman5 replies -
Kūkai and Bhartṛhari: when a word is part of what is real rather than a label for it
Last spring I visited Kōyasan, the mountain monastery Kūkai founded, and sat in on the morning chanting. I don't understand Sanskrit and barely understand the Sino-Japanese readings, but it was obvious the monks didn't treat the syllables as labels for something else.…
Started by Rin Matsuda5 replies -
Calling an outcome ‘efficient’ always smuggles in a value judgement
When people evaluate algorithms that allocate small loans, the word "efficient" comes up constantly. An allocation is efficient, a policy is inefficient, this change would improve efficiency. It is spoken as if it were a neutral technical description. I want to argue…
Started by Nur Aisyah Rahman5 replies -
Syādvāda is not a seven-valued logic, and treating it as one loses the point
I grew up Jain, so I've been hearing about anekāntavāda since before I could read. Lately I keep seeing syādvāda described online as "the ancient Indian seven-valued logic", usually in the same breath as fuzzy logic. I'd like to explain why that…
Started by Hetal Shah5 replies -
I make cedar doors. Am I an artist, a craftsman, or is that the wrong question?
Tourists photograph my work and call it art. Gallery people, when they come, call it craft, and they say it a little differently. I read recently that this division is young. Before the eighteenth century in Europe, making was one category judged…
Started by Hicham Ouazzani5 replies -
Drug trials on animals, seen from behind a Jain pharmacy counter
Every few weeks a customer at our family pharmacy, usually an older Jain auntie, asks me whether a medicine was tested on animals. The honest answer is nearly always yes, somewhere along the line, because regulators have long required it. Ahimsa, as…
Started by Hetal Shah5 replies -
Why do scholars keep saying “duty” is a bad translation of dharma?
I am translating some Malayalam devotional poems into English, and I've hit a word I can't carry across. The word dharma comes up constantly, and every English version I look at uses “duty” or “righteousness”. Then a lecturer in a comparative philosophy…
Started by Kavya Menon5 replies -
Wiredu’s consensus politics and the epistemology of disagreement: is agreement evidence?
Kwasi Wiredu argued that traditional Akan political decision-making aimed at consensus rather than majority rule. Councils of elders would talk, sometimes for a long time, until they reached a decision everyone could accept. He proposed that modern African states might learn from…
Started by Kwame Asante5 replies -
I’m a scientific realist and, after twenty-two years in the army, a political realist. Is that inconsistent?
I retired from the army after twenty-two years, the last stretch on the DMZ. On a leadership course we read the classic realist authors on international politics: states pursue power and security, and moral principles do not govern what they do to…
Started by Choi Byeong-hun5 replies -
A door-maker reads Hume’s Dialogues: the design argument from the workshop
This one comes from the workshop. I have been reading Hume's Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion in a French translation, because people kept telling me the design argument is about things like what I make. The argument says: the world is like a…
Started by Hicham Ouazzani5 replies -
Is my red your red? Where does the inverted spectrum come from?
Is the red I see the red my sister sees? I have wondered since childhood. When I was eight I asked my mother and she said, "Of course, it's red." That was not an answer. Now I learn that this has a…
Started by Kavya Menon5 replies -
Nobody from our founding team is left. Is it still the same company?
I left the startup I co-founded about eighteen months ago, burnt out. Last week I visited. The twelve people who started it are all gone, including me. The product has been rewritten twice. The office moved from a flat in Andheri to…
Started by Rohan Desai5 replies -
Reproduction did not wither the aura of art; it made the aura more valuable
I've just reread Walter Benjamin's essay on the work of art in the age of its technological reproducibility, from the mid-1930s. His claim, roughly: the original work has an "aura", its unique presence in one time and place, its embeddedness in a…
Started by Chiara Bellandi5 replies -
The replication crisis is a philosophical problem before it is a statistical one
I've followed the replication crisis in psychology closely. A large collaborative project published in 2015 tried to repeat about a hundred published studies, and fewer than half produced results as strong as the originals. Since then the standard diagnosis has been statistical:…
Started by Wanjiru Njenga5 replies -
Cārvāka and Epicurus, two ancient materialists at a deathbed
A question from the bedside. Epicurus helped me think about death without flinching: in the Letter to Menoeceus he says death is nothing to us, because where death is, we are not, and where we are, death is not. I've never repeated…
Started by Nadia Haddad5 replies -
Logical pluralism is right, for the same reason statistical pluralism is
In data science the old fight between frequentist and Bayesian statistics has mostly cooled into pluralism: each is legitimate, they answer different questions, and a good analyst knows which to use when. I think logic is the same. Carnap said something like…
Started by Wanjiru Njenga5 replies -
Orí and the Stoic cylinder: does a destiny you chose make you more free or less?
In Yoruba thought, before birth each person chooses an orí, literally a "head", meaning the inner self that carries one's destiny. One of the words for destiny, àkúnlẹ̀yàn, means something like "that which was chosen kneeling". You chose it, but you cannot…
Started by Titilayo Adeyemi5 replies -
My model has ‘the average borrower’. Nobody is the average borrower. What am I talking about?
I build credit-scoring models for a mobile-money company in Nairobi. Every week I write sentences like "the average borrower in this segment repays within 23 days" or "the typical applicant has 2.4 active SIM cards". Everyone understands them. No borrower repays in…
Started by Wanjiru Njenga5 replies -
Tagore would not define art, and asked why we make it at all
My father sang Baul songs, and Tagore loved the Bauls: he collected their songs and admired Lalon. So I came to Tagore's lecture "What Is Art?" in his book Personality (1917) with my father's voice in my head. What I like is…
Started by Farhana Akter5 replies -
My model was right for the wrong reason. Which answer to Gettier explains why that matters?
Last quarter one of our credit models flagged a small trader as high risk. She did default. But when we looked at the case, the default came from a long hospital stay, and the features the model had leaned on, irregular airtime…
Started by Wanjiru Njenga5 replies -
What did McLuhan mean by ‘the medium is the message’? It sounds like a slogan
Colleagues at work quote ‘the medium is the message’ at least once a week, usually when they want to sound deep about social media. I finally looked it up: it's the title of the first chapter of Marshall McLuhan's Understanding Media (1964).…
Started by Nur Aisyah Rahman5 replies