Tradition
Chinese
Chinese philosophy is the thought of China, from Confucius, Laozi and Mozi to the Neo-Confucians, centred on ethics, government and the way of nature.
It took shape in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, when Confucians, Daoists, Mohists, Legalists and the School of Names, among them Mencius, Xunzi, Zhuangzi, Han Feizi and Hui Shi, debated human nature, government and language. Buddhism entered China and was transformed there, and from the eleventh century Neo-Confucians such as Zhu Xi and Wang Yangming built new systems, carried on by Wang Fuzhi, Dai Zhen and, in the twentieth century, Mou Zongsan. It answers questions on how to live, human nature, character, government and nature.
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Should a struggling state pay for music? Mozi and Xunzi’s quarrel
More than two thousand years before modern arts-funding debates, the Mohists argued that music wastes what the poor need, and Xunzi replied that a society without music cannot hold together. Both were partly right.
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Ethical theories explained: a beginner’s guide to how philosophers judge right and wrong
Consequences, duties, character, contracts, care, roles and community: what each theory tells you to look at, and why they agree more often than you'd think.
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Should you care for everyone equally? Mozi and the first great argument about impartiality
Two thousand years before utilitarianism, Mohists and Confucians fought over whether love should have degrees. They framed the question better than we usually do.
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Is morality objective? A beginner’s guide to meta-ethics
What are we doing when we call something wrong? A teacher's map of the main answers, from the Euthyphro to error theory.
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