#nirvikalpaka

? If perception is free of concepts, as Dignāga says, how do I ever see a cup as a cup?

I've been reading an introduction to Buddhist epistemology on the train, and I'm stuck on Dignāga's definition of perception (pratyakṣa) as "free from conceptual construction". As I understand it, the object of perception is the bare particular, and anything general, like "cup",…