#isvara

¶ Udayana, Ibn Sina and Leibniz: three arguments for a first cause that do not need a beginning

People often assume that arguments for a first cause depend on the universe having a beginning. I want to compare three that don't, from three traditions. Udayana (Nyāya, eleventh century). In the Nyāyakusumāñjali he gives a series of inferences for Īśvara, starting…