Kind of book
Philosophy
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Didascalicon
A guide to reading and study, written in the late 1120s at the abbey of St Victor in Paris. Its full title means 'on the study of reading'.…
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Outlines of Pyrrhonism
A handbook in three books, the fullest surviving account of ancient Pyrrhonian scepticism, written by a Greek doctor whose name links him to the Empiric school of medicine.…
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Why God Became Man (Cur Deus Homo)
A dialogue in two books between Anselm and his pupil Boso, finished in 1098 while Anselm, now archbishop of Canterbury, was in exile from England. It asks why…
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The Mirror of Simple Souls
A mystical treatise in Old French, written before 1306 by Marguerite Porete, a beguine from Hainaut. It takes the form of a dialogue, mainly between Love, Reason and…
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Lives of the Eminent Philosophers
A compilation in ten books of the lives, sayings and doctrines of Greek philosophers from the earliest sages to Epicurus. Little is known about Diogenes himself, but his…
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Ethics, or Know Yourself (Scito te ipsum)
A short treatise on ethics, written in the late 1130s, whose title means 'know yourself'. Abelard separates four things that ordinary talk runs together: vice, a disposition of…
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The Book of the Gentile and the Three Wise Men
A dialogue written in Catalan around 1274–1276 by Ramon Llull of Majorca, who devoted his life to converting Muslims and Jews through reasoned argument. A Gentile, a learned…
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On Duties (De Officiis)
Cicero's last philosophical work, written in late 44 BCE, in the months after the assassination of Julius Caesar, as a letter in three books to his son Marcus,…
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The Letters of Abelard and Heloise
A collection of Latin letters from the 1130s, opened by Abelard's autobiographical letter, the Story of My Misfortunes (Historia calamitatum). There he recounts his rise as a logician…
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On First Philosophy
A short metaphysical treatise dedicated to the Abbasid caliph al-Muʿtaṣim, and one of the first works of philosophy written in Arabic. Only its first part survives. Al-Kindī opens…
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