New Topic Leave this empty 1 What would you like to do? Ask a questionGet explanations, or gather different answersStart a debateMake one clear claim (your thesis); others argue for or against itStart a discussionOpen a conversation on any ideaPropose a reading groupRead one text together, section by section✎Write a Journal essayA longer piece, at least 300 words, read by an editor before it appears New to the Journal? See what the editors look for. What kind of question? Explain — what a term, idea or text means. Can have an accepted answer. Open — people will argue different answers. No single winner. I'm new to philosophy (newcomer-friendly) 2 Title For a debate, write your thesis as a clear claim, e.g. “The self is not the body.” Already asked? These may help: 3 Your post BIHWritePreviewText Web address Add linkCancel **bold** · *italic* · ## heading · > quote · - list · 1. list · [text](https://…) · @name 4 Labels Category (required) Choose a category Metaphysics Existence & being Time & space Causation Free will Possibility & necessity Laws of nature & emergence Knowledge & Truth Knowledge & belief Skepticism Truth Evidence & testimony Reason & experience Rationality & probability Disagreement & expertise Mind & Self Consciousness Personal identity Emotions Perception Artificial minds Action & agency Psychology & the mind sciences Ethics Moral theories Virtue & character Meta-ethics Bioethics Animals & environment Applied ethics War & violence Moral psychology Business & technology ethics Society & Politics Justice Rights & liberty Power & the state Law Economy & work Gender, race & identity Education History Society & culture Disability Religion & the Sacred God & the arguments Faith & reason The problem of evil Mysticism & spirituality Religions compared Revelation & scripture Logic, Language & Mathematics Logic & argument Fallacies & paradoxes Meaning & language Philosophy of mathematics Rhetoric & persuasion Modal & non-classical logic Science & Technology Scientific method Physics & cosmology Biology & evolution AI & computing Technology & the future Medicine & health Information Meaning, Art & the Good Life Meaning of life Death Happiness & well-being Love & friendship Beauty & art Music & literature Film & media Food & taste Play, sport & humour Tags (up to 8 — pick existing ones or add your own; new tags appear once the post is published) Traditions (up to 3) African & Africana American Analytic Buddhist Chinese Continental Greek & Roman Indian Indigenous Islamic Japanese & Korean Jewish Latin American Medieval Christian Modern European Persian Schools (up to 3) Abhidharma Anarchism Aristotelianism Ash'arism Buddhist epistemology Care ethics Cartesianism Carvaka Chan & Zen Confucianism Critical race theory Critical theory Cynicism Daoism Empiricism Epicureanism Existentialism Falsafa Feminist philosophy German Idealism Hermeneutics Huayan Illuminationism Islamic jurisprudence Jainism Kabbalah Kalam Kantianism Kashmir Śaivism Kyoto School Legalism Liberalism Logical positivism Madhyamaka Marxism Māturīdism Mimamsa Mohism Mu'tazila Natural law Négritude Neo-Confucianism Neoplatonism Nyaya Ordinary language philosophy Personalism Phenomenology Philosophy of liberation Platonism Positivism Postcolonial & decolonial thought Pragmatism Pre-Socratics Process philosophy Pure Land Rationalism Romanticism Samkhya & Yoga Scholasticism School of Names Skepticism (Pyrrhonian & Academic) Social contract theory Sophists Stoicism Structuralism & post-structuralism Sufism Theravāda Thomism Tiantai Transcendent philosophy Ubuntu philosophy Utilitarianism Vaisheshika Vedanta Virtue ethics (modern) Yogacara Thinkers (up to 6) 14th Dalai Lama A. J. Ayer A. N. Whitehead Abhinavagupta Abraham Joshua Heschel Abu Bakr al-Razi Abu Dharr al-Ghifari Achille Mbembe Adam Elga Adam Smith Adi Shankara Agnes Callard Agrippa Ailton Krenak Aimé Césaire Ajita Kesakambali Al-Ash'ari Al-Biruni Al-Farabi Al-Ghazali Al-Jahiz Al-Khwarizmi Al-Kindi Al-Ma'arri al-Māturīdī Al-Mawardi Al-Qushayri Al-Shafi'i Al-Shatibi Al-Shaybani Alain de Botton Alan Turing Alan Watts Alasdair MacIntyre Albert Camus Albert Einstein Aldo Leopold Alex Byrne Alexander Hamilton Alexis de Tocqueville Alfred Tarski Ali Shariati Allen Carlson Alvin Goldman Alvin Plantinga Amartya Sen Amia Srinivasan Amílcar Cabral Anaxagoras Anaximander Anaximenes André Bazin Angela Davis Anna Julia Cooper Anne Conway Anselm Anthony Giddens Anton Wilhelm Amo Antonio Gramsci Arcesilaus Aristotle Arne Naess Arnold Berleant Arthur Danto Arthur Prior Arthur Schopenhauer Asaṅga Audre Lorde Auguste Comte Augusto Salazar Bondy Aurobindo Ayn Rand B. F. Skinner B. R. Ambedkar Baḥya ibn Paqūda Bartolomé de las Casas Baruch Spinoza Bas van Fraassen bell hooks Benjamin Hoff Bernard Mandeville Bernard Suits Bernard Williams Bertrand Russell Berys Gaut Betty Friedan Bharata Bhartrhari Bhatta Lollata Bhatta Nayaka Blaise Pascal Boethius Bonaventure Brandon Carter Brillat-Savarin Bruno de Finetti Bryan W. Van Norden Buddhaghosa Byung-Chul Han C. A. J. Coady C. D. Broad C. I. Lewis C. L. Hamblin C. S. Peirce C. Thi Nguyen Candrakīrti Carl Hempel Carl Schmitt Carneades Carol Gilligan Carole Pateman Carolyn Korsmeyer Catharine MacKinnon Cesare Beccaria Chaim Perelman Charles Darwin Charles Taylor Charles W. Mills Charlotte Perkins Gilman Cheng Hao Cheng Yi Christine de Pizan Christine Korsgaard Christopher Boorse Chrysippus Cicero Claude Shannon Clifford Geertz Clive Bell Confucius Cora Diamond Cornel West D. T. Suzuki Dai Zhen Daniel Dennett Daniel Klein Dante Alighieri Davi Kopenawa David Armstrong David Benatar David Bohm David Chalmers David Edmonds David Gauthier David Hilbert David Hume David Lewis Daya Krishna Democritus Denis Diderot Derek Parfit Derk Pereboom Desiderius Erasmus Desmond Tutu Dharmakīrti Dharmottara Dignāga Diodorus Cronus Diogenes Laërtius Diogenes of Sinope Don Ihde Donald Davidson Donald Robertson Dong Zhongshu Donna Haraway Douglas Hofstadter Douglas Walton Duns Scotus E. D. Hirsch Edith Stein Edmund Burke Edmund Gettier Edmund Husserl Eduard Hanslick Edward Bullough Elisabeth of Bohemia Elizabeth Anderson Elizabeth Anscombe Elizabeth Barnes Elizabeth Loftus Émile Durkheim Émilie du Châtelet Emma Goldman Empedocles Endel Tulving Epictetus Erich Fromm Ernest Sosa Ernst Mally Ernst Mayr Eva Kittay F. W. J. Schelling Fakhr al-Din al-Razi Fatima Mernissi Fazang Fazlur Rahman Feng Youlan Ferdinand de Saussure Frances Kamm Francis Bacon Francis Fukuyama Francis Hutcheson Francisco de Vitoria Francisco Suárez Frank Jackson Frank Ramsey Frank Sibley Frans van Eemeren Frantz Fanon Franz Boas Franz Brentano Franz Rosenzweig Fred Dretske Frederick Copleston Frederick Douglass Friedrich Hayek Friedrich Nietzsche Friedrich Schleiermacher Fyodor Dostoevsky G. A. Cohen G. E. Moore G. H. von Wright G. W. F. Hegel G. W. Leibniz Galileo Galilei Gangesa Gauḍapāda Gautama (Akṣapāda) George Berkeley George Boole George Dickie George Herbert Mead George Santayana Georges Canguilhem Gerd Gigerenzer Gerhard Gentzen Gersonides Giambattista Vico Gilbert Ryle Gilles Deleuze Giordano Bruno Giorgio Agamben Giovanni Pico della Mirandola Giuseppe Peano Gloria Anzaldúa Gongsun Long Gorgias Gottlob Frege Graham Priest Greg Restall Guo Xiang Gustavo Gutiérrez György Lukács H. L. A. Hart H. Odera Oruka Hakuin Ekaku Han Feizi Hannah Arendt Hans Jonas Hans-Georg Gadamer Harriet Taylor Mill Harry Frankfurt Hartry Field Hasdai Crescas Hayden White Helen Longino Helen Nissenbaum Heloise Henri Bergson Henry David Thoreau Henry Sidgwick Heraclitus Herbert Marcuse Herbert Simon Hermann Cohen Hermann Hesse Hilary Putnam Hildegard of Bingen Holmes Rolston III Huang Zongxi Hubert Dreyfus Hugh Everett III Hugh of Saint Victor Hugo Grotius Hui Shi Ian Hacking Ibn al-Haytham Ibn Arabi Ibn Bajja Ibn Butlan Ibn Hazm Ibn Khaldun Ibn Rushd Ibn Sina Ibn Taymiyya Ibn Tufayl Ichiro Kishimi Ifeanyi Menkiti Immanuel Kant Imre Lakatos Iris Marion Young Iris Murdoch Isaac Newton Isaiah Berlin Itō Jinsai J. C. Beall J. J. C. Smart J. L. Austin J. L. Mackie J. M. E. McTaggart Jaakko Hintikka Jacques Derrida Jacques Ellul Jaegwon Kim James Baldwin James F. Childress James Madison Jan Łukasiewicz Jason Brennan Jay L. Garfield Jayarāśi Bhaṭṭa Jean Baudrillard Jean Bodin Jean-François Lyotard Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean-Paul Sartre Jeong Yak-yong Jeremy Bentham Jerome Wakefield Jerrold Levinson Jerry Fodor Jiddu Krishnamurti Jinul Jizang Johan Huizinga Johann Gottlieb Fichte Johann Herder John Bell John Hick John Jay John Locke John Mbiti John Philoponus John Rawls John Scottus Eriugena John Searle John Wheeler Jonathan Haidt José Enrique Rodó José Martí José Ortega y Gasset José Vasconcelos Joseph Butler Joseph Raz Jostein Gaarder Judith Butler Judith Jarvis Thomson Julian Baggini Julian of Norwich Julien Offray de La Mettrie Julius Nyerere Jürgen Habermas Kahlil Gibran Kamo no Chōmei Karl Jaspers Karl Popper Kate Manne Kathleen Higgins Kieran Setiya Kit Fine Krishna Chandra Bhattacharya Kṣemarāja Kūkai Kumārila Bhaṭṭa Kundakunda Kurt Gödel Kwame Anthony Appiah Kwame Gyekye Kwame Nkrumah L. E. J. Brouwer Langdon Winner Laozi Larry Laudan Laurence BonJour Leo Strauss Leo Tolstoy Leopoldo Zea Lewis R. Gordon Li Zehou Linji Yixuan Lon Fuller Longinus Lotfi Zadeh Luce Irigaray Luciano Floridi Lucius Outlaw Lucretius Ludwig Feuerbach Ludwig Wittgenstein Madhva Mahatma Gandhi Mahavira Malcolm X Marcus Aurelius Margaret Cavendish Marguerite Porete María Lugones Marilyn Frye Marquis de Condorcet Marshall McLuhan Marsilius of Padua Martha Nussbaum Martin Hägglund Martin Heidegger Martin Luther King Jr. Mary Astell Mary Midgley Mary Wollstonecraft Massimo Pigliucci Matilal Matthew Crawford Maurice Merleau-Ponty Max Horkheimer Max Stirner Max Weber Meister Eckhart Mencius Michael Oakeshott Michael Oliver Michael Puett Michael Sandel Michael Smith Michael Walzer Michel de Montaigne Michel Foucault Miguel de Unamuno Miguel León-Portilla Milan Kundera Milton Friedman Miranda Fricker Miskawayh Mogobe Ramose Mohanty Monroe Beardsley Montesquieu Morris Weitz Moses Mendelssohn Mou Zongsan Mozi Muhammad Abduh Muhammad Iqbal Mulla Sadra Nagarjuna Nagasena Nancy Cartwright Nancy Fraser Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī Nasir Khusraw Nel Noddings Nelson Goodman Newton da Costa Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o Niccolò Machiavelli Nichiren Nicholas of Cusa Nick Bostrom Nicolas Malebranche Niels Bohr Nigel Warburton Nishitani Keiji Nitobe Inazō Noël Carroll Norbert Wiener Octavio Paz Ogyū Sorai Okakura Kakuzō Olúfẹ́mi O. Táíwò Olympe de Gouges Omar Khayyam Oscar Wilde Otto Neurath Oyèrónkẹ́ Oyěwùmí Parmenides Patricia Hill Collins Paul Benacerraf Paul Churchland Paul Feyerabend Paul Grice Paul Ricoeur Paul Tillich Paulin Hountondji Paulo Freire Peter Abelard Peter Adamson Peter Geach Peter Godfrey-Smith Peter Kivy Peter Klein Peter Kropotkin Peter Lombard Peter Singer Peter Strawson Peter van Inwagen Peter Winch Philip Anderson Philip Goff Philip Kitcher Philip Pettit Philippa Foot Philo of Alexandria Pierre Bourdieu Pierre Duhem Placide Tempels Plato Plotinus Porphyry Prabhākara Proclus Protagoras Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite Pyrrho Pythagoras Qoheleth R. Edward Freeman R. M. Hare R. S. Peters Rabindranath Tagore Radhakrishnan Rae Langton Raghunātha Śiromaṇi Ralph Waldo Emerson Rāmānuja Ramon Llull René Descartes Richard Jeffrey Richard Rorty Richard Swinburne Richard Tarnas Robert Adams Robert Aumann Robert C. Solomon Robert Kane Robert M. Pirsig Robert Nozick Robert Stalnaker Robin Wall Kimmerer Roderick Chisholm Rodolfo Kusch Roger Caillois Roger Scruton Roland Barthes Ronald Dworkin Rosalind Hursthouse Roy Bhaskar Rudolf Carnap Rudolf Otto Rumi Ruth Millikan Ryan Holiday Saadia Gaon Sally Haslanger Samuel Clarke Samuel Ramos Sankuka Śāntarakṣita Sarah Bakewell Saul Kripke Sen no Rikyū Seneca Sergei Eisenstein Sextus Empiricus Seyyed Hossein Nasr Shah Waliullah Shannon Vallor Shinran Shulamith Firestone Sima Qian Simon Blackburn Simón Bolívar Simon Critchley Simone de Beauvoir Simone Weil Slavoj Žižek Socrates Solomon ibn Gabirol Sriharsa Stanisław Leśniewski Stanley Cavell Stephen Jay Gould Stephen Kleene Stephen Toulmin Steve Biko Steven Katz Stuart Russell Suhrawardi Sunzi Susan Haack Susan Moller Okin Susan Wolf Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas T. M. Scanlon Talia Mae Bettcher Tan Sitong Tanabe Hajime Teresa of Ávila Thales The Buddha Theodor W. Adorno Theodore Sider Thich Nhat Hanh Thiruvalluvar Thomas Bayes Thomas Hobbes Thomas Kelly Thomas Kuhn Thomas More Thomas Nagel Thomas Paine Thomas Reid Timothy Williamson Toby Ord Tom L. Beauchamp Tom Regan Trenton Merricks Tsongkhapa U. T. Place Udayana Uddālaka Āruṇi Umberto Eco V. F. Cordova V. Y. Mudimbe Vasubandhu Viktor Frankl Vine Deloria Jr. Virginia Held Virginia Woolf Vivekananda Voltaire W. D. Ross W. E. B. Du Bois W. K. Clifford W. K. Wimsatt W. V. O. Quine Walter Benjamin Walter Mignolo Walter Stace Wang Bi Wang Chong Wang Fuzhi Wang Yangming Watsuji Tetsurō Wesley Salmon Wilfrid Sellars Will Durant Will Kymlicka William Alston William Lane Craig William MacAskill William of Ockham William Paley William Rowe Wumen Huikai Xenophanes Xenophon Xiong Shili Xuanzang Xunzi Yājñavalkya Yi I Yoshida Kenkō Yuanwu Keqin Yuriko Saito Zeami Zeno of Citium Zeno of Elea Zhang Zai Zhiyi Zhou Dunyi Zhuangzi Missing a tradition, school or thinker? (optional — tell the editors and they will add it) House rules: challenge ideas, never people · write in your own words (AI may help with spelling or translation if you say so, but not write your argument) · show where a claim comes from. Sign in to post